Solar Energy and Rural Electrification: Spatial Patterns and Socio-Economic Outcomes in India

Abstract

Solar energy has emerged as a significant driver of rural electrification in India, contributing to sustainable energy access, socio-economic development and environmental sustainability. This study examines the spatial distribution of solar energy adoption across rural regions of India and evaluates its impact on household income, agricultural productivity, employment generation, education and quality of life. The research highlights regional disparities in solar electrification, showing that western and southern regions demonstrate higher adoption levels due to favorable climatic conditions, stronger infrastructure and policy support, whereas eastern and north-eastern regions lag behind. The study further assesses the role of government initiatives such as the National Solar Mission, PM-KUSUM Scheme and decentralized solar systems in expanding rural energy access. The findings reveal that solar electrification significantly improves rural livelihoods, enhances agricultural efficiency and promotes economic opportunities. However, challenges such as high installation costs, technological limitations and uneven regional distribution continue to affect its effectiveness. The study concludes that solar energy plays a transformative role in rural development and sustainable growth, though targeted policy interventions and infrastructural improvements are necessary to ensure equitable and inclusive electrification across rural India.