Genome Level And Epigenetic Changes Induced by Tissue Culture
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Abstract
Plant tissue culture is one of the basic methods in plant biotechnology in clonal propagation, disease free plant production, genetic transformation and improved production of secondary metabolites. But, in vitro environments like disturbed hormone ratios, osmotic stress, and non-physiological nutrient composition may cause genomic instability and epigenetic re-programming, which is seen as somaclonal variation. The paper compared the genome level changes, DNA methylation, transposon activation, and somaclonal variation between callus culture, organogenesis, and somatic embryogenesis in rice, maize, sugarcane and banana. Cytogenetic examination showed that, callus cultures were the most genetically unstable with chromosomal aberration (42.5%), aneuploidy (35.2%), and structure rearrangement (27.8%), and organogenesis retained the best of clonal fidelity. The global hypomethylation in control groups was frequent (38.6 percent) in callus cultures, and was associated with high transposon mobilization (31.2 percent), and low organogenesis levels (12.7 percent) and intermediate levels in somatic embryogenesis. Phenotypic and molecular analysis showed more somaclonal variation in polyploid crops (banana and sugarcane) than in diploid cereals (rice and maize) and is indicative of the effect of genome complexity on variability induced by tissue culture. These findings highlight the importance of the regeneration pathway, the genome architecture of the species, and the epigenetic processes in shaping the nature of somaclonal variation, implying that callus culture, although yielding new phenotypes, presents fidelity problems to genetic faithfulness, whereas organogenesis offers stability to clonal propagation. The results guide the best tissue culture approaches to crop improvement and breeding and biotechnological use and propose the future research that would examine locus-specific epigenetic modifications and heritability of induced variants.
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