International Journal of Advanced Research and Multidisciplinary Trends (IJARMT)
The International Journal of Advanced Research and Multidisciplinary Trends (IJARMT) is a peer-reviewed-refereed, open-access journal dedicated to publishing high-quality research across a broad spectrum of academic disciplines. Established in 2024, the journal aims to provide a platform for scholars, researchers, and professionals from various fields to share their innovative findings and contribute to global knowledge. Journal particulars: Title: International Journal of Advanced Research and Multidisciplinary Trends (IJARMT) ISSN: 3048-9458 Impact Factor: 7.2 Frequency: Quarterly (4 issues per year) Publisher: Publication and Advance Research Welfare Society Publication Place: Hisar, Haryana Publisher Email: ijarmtjournal@gmail.com Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Anjali Khokhar Copyright: Remain Journal Starting Year: 2024 Main Subject: Multidisciplinary Language: English & Hindi Publication Format: Online (Open Access) Website: https://ijarmt.com UGC Approved Journal : as per New UGC Rules
Publication and Advance Research Welfare Society
Indian climate diplomacy: A soft power tool
Climate change is currently a significant issue in international relations in today's world, as it impacts development, security, the economy, global cooperation, and public health. From this perspective, the significance of India's climate diplomacy as a key soft power instrument for its country's mission to build its international image, advance its developmental interests and play a role in international climate governance has come to the fore. The principles of climate justice, equity and common but differentiated responsibilities and sustainable development are the core tenets of India's climate diplomacy. Rather than climate action being an environmental issue, India has leveraged it as a diplomacy tool to position itself as a responsible, cooperative and solution-oriented global player. The International Solar Alliance, Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure, Mission LiFE and India's involvement in the G20 climate agenda are but a few examples of how India's commitment to renewable energy, disaster resilience, civilizational values and Global South concerns come together. Other home-grown initiatives like the expansion of renewable energy, the planning of green hydrogen, rooftop solar schemes and climate policy transformation further bolster India's international credibility. The study demonstrates that India's climate diplomacy is not only about reducing emissions but also a policy of enlightenment with moral leadership, institutional collaboration, ideas of sustainable lifestyle and development partnership. In this way, Indian climate diplomacy can be seen as a contemporary soft power in the new order of the world.
Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Advanced Research and Multidisciplinary Trends (IJARMT) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
निजी एवं सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के कर्मचारियों में कार्य संतुष्टि तथा कौशल उन्नयन के स्तर का तुलनात्मक विश्लेषण
प्रथम शोध पत्र में निजी एवं सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के कर्मचारियों की कार्य संतुष्टि तथा कौशल उन्नयन के स्तर का पृथक-पृथक तुलनात्मक विश्लेषण प्रस्तुत किया गया था, जिसमें यह पाया गया था कि सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के कर्मचारी कार्य संतुष्टि में तथा निजी क्षेत्र के कर्मचारी कौशल उन्नयन में अपेक्षाकृत आगे हैं। प्रस्तुत द्वितीय शोध पत्र इसी अध्ययन शृंखला की अगली कड़ी है, जिसका उद्देश्य निजी एवं सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के कर्मचारियों के कार्य संतुष्टि एवं कौशल उन्नयन के समग्र स्तर की तुलना करना, दोनों चरों के मध्य सहसंबंध का विश्लेषण करना तथा कौशल उन्नयन से संबंधित प्रमुख चुनौतियों एवं कार्य संतुष्टि बढ़ाने हेतु सुझाए गए समाधानों की पहचान करना है। अध्ययन उन्हीं पांच सौ कर्मचारियों, ढाई सौ निजी क्षेत्र एवं ढाई सौ सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र, के न्यादर्श पर आधारित है, जिनका उपयोग प्रथम शोध पत्र में किया गया था। आंकड़ों के विश्लेषण हेतु संयुक्त सूचकांक टी-परीक्षण, पियर्सन सहसंबंध, फिशर जेड परीक्षण तथा प्रतिशत आधारित रैंकिंग तकनीकों का प्रयोग किया गया। परिणामों से ज्ञात होता है कि कार्य संतुष्टि एवं कौशल उन्नयन के मध्य मध्यम स्तर का सकारात्मक सहसंबंध पाया गया, जो निजी क्षेत्र में सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र की तुलना में अधिक प्रबल है। समय की कमी, तकनीकी संसाधनों का अभाव तथा वित्तीय सीमाएं कौशल उन्नयन की प्रमुख चुनौतियों के रूप में सामने आईं, जबकि नियमित वेतन समीक्षा तथा नियमित कौशल प्रशिक्षण को कार्य संतुष्टि बढ़ाने के सर्वाधिक प्रभावी समाधानों के रूप में चिन्हित किया गया।
Synergizing Artificial Intelligence with Green Startups: An Integrated Model for ESG Performance Optimization
The modern business landscape defined is by rapid technological evolution and growing environmental issues, the incorporation of Artificial Intelligence into the sustainable emerging ventures or green start-ups has surfaced as a revolutionary factor. Green start-ups are the organisations that emphasize environmentally sustainable method while aiming for economic sustainability. The implementation of AI mechanisms such as automation, machine learning and predictive analytics has facilitated these start-ups to improve their internal efficiency and co-ordinate their approaches with Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) foundations. This study implements, descriptive and theoretical methodology to analyse how AI supports ESG performance in green start-ups. Leveraging existing information or secondary data from academic publications, organizational reports and industry findings, the enquiry distinguishes key thematic areas where AI creates benefit. The results disclose that AI substantially improves environmental sustainability through efficient resource management, solidifies social obligation by enhancing stakeholder interaction and support governance through increased clarity and responsibility. However, the study also emphasises on crucial obstacles including moral issues, data Reliance, and technological obstructions, which may obstruct the productive execution of AI. The research summarises that AI win calculatedly combined act as a productive facilitator of sustainable entrepreneurship, providing both strategic edge and enduring societal advantages.
Effect of Cervical Traction and Exercise Therapy in the Management of Cervical Radiculopathy: A Case Study
Background: Cervical radiculopathy is a clinical condition in which irritation or compression of a cervical nerve root produces neck pain with radiating arm pain, paraesthesia, sensory alteration, reflex change, or weakness in a myotomal pattern. It commonly arises from intervertebral disc protrusion, foraminal narrowing, spondylotic degeneration, or combined mechanical and inflammatory factors. Conservative physiotherapy is widely used when there is no progressive neurological deficit or red-flag pathology. Cervical traction is intended to reduce foraminal compression and nerve-root irritation, while exercise therapy aims to restore mobility, improve deep cervical and scapular muscle control, correct posture, and promote self-management. Clinical guidelines support a multimodal approach in chronic neck pain with radiating pain, including intermittent mechanical traction combined with stretching, strengthening, and mobilization-based exercise when clinically indicated.4 Presentation of Case: This case study describes a 38-year-old male office worker who presented with right-sided neck pain radiating to the lateral forearm and thumb for six weeks. Symptoms increased during prolonged computer work, mobile phone use, overhead activity, and sustained neck extension. The patient reported disturbed sleep, reduced work tolerance, difficulty driving for long periods, and fear of arm weakness. Examination suggested C6 nerve root involvement with restricted cervical range of motion, positive Spurling test, positive upper limb tension test, relief with cervical distraction, reduced biceps reflex, and mild weakness of wrist extensors. Magnetic resonance imaging showed posterolateral disc protrusion at C5-C6 with right foraminal narrowing. The patient was medically stable and suitable for conservative physiotherapy. Intervention: The patient received a six-week physiotherapy programme consisting of intermittent mechanical cervical traction and progressive exercise therapy. Traction was administered in supine with cervical flexion of approximately 15 to 20 degrees, beginning with low to moderate pull and progressing according to symptom response. Exercise therapy included pain-free cervical mobility, chin tuck and deep cervical flexor activation, scapular setting, pectoral and upper trapezius stretching, thoracic extension mobility, median nerve sliding, isometric strengthening, resisted scapulothoracic training, postural correction, ergonomic education, and a structured home exercise schedule. Outcome Measures: Outcome assessment included Numeric Pain Rating Scale, Neck Disability Index, cervical range of motion by goniometric estimation, upper limb tension test response, Spurling and distraction test response, grip strength, sleep disturbance, work tolerance, and Patient-Specific Functional Scale. The same measures were recorded at baseline, week three, and week six. Results: The patient completed the treatment programme without adverse response. Neck pain reduced from 7/10 to 2/10, arm pain reduced from 8/10 to 1/10, and Neck Disability Index improved from 42% to 14%. Cervical rotation, lateral flexion, and extension improved, paraesthesia became occasional and mild, upper limb tension test irritability reduced, and functional tolerance for computer work, driving, and sleep improved. Grip strength and confidence in arm use also improved. Conclusion: Cervical traction combined with exercise therapy produced clinically meaningful improvement in pain, disability, neural irritability, posture, and functional tolerance in this patient with cervical radiculopathy. The case supports individualized multimodal physiotherapy when red flags and progressive neurological deficit are absent.
Effect of Gait Training on Functional Recovery in a Patient with Left Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) Stroke: A Case Study
Background: Stroke involving the left middle cerebral artery commonly produces right hemiparesis with impaired selective motor control, reduced balance reactions, asymmetrical weight bearing, slow walking, poor endurance, and difficulty in daily mobility. Gait training is a central component of neurophysiotherapy because walking ability determines independence in transfers, toileting, household ambulation, community participation, and return to family roles. A structured gait programme combines postural preparation, task-specific stepping, stance control, rhythmic practice, feedback, strength training, balance activities, and progressive functional walking tasks. This case study describes the effect of gait training on functional recovery in a patient with left MCA stroke. Presentation of Case: A 57-year-old right-handed male presented to the physiotherapy department six weeks after a first-ever left MCA ischemic stroke. He had right-sided weakness, mild expressive speech difficulty, reduced confidence in standing, and dependence for indoor walking. He was medically stable, alert, cooperative, and able to follow simple verbal and visual instructions. The main complaints were dragging of the right foot, reduced stance time on the right lower limb, fear of falling, difficulty turning, inability to climb stairs independently, and fatigue after short walking distance. Intervention: The patient received six weeks of supervised gait training, five sessions per week, with each session lasting approximately forty-five to sixty minutes. Treatment included trunk alignment, sit-to-stand practice, supported weight shifting, affected-limb loading, stepping drills, ankle dorsiflexor facilitation, knee control training, overground gait practice, treadmill walking with safety support, visual cueing, obstacle negotiation, stair practice, endurance walking, and a structured home programme. Progression was guided by quality of movement, safety, fatigue, balance response, walking speed, and functional carryover into daily activities. Outcome Measures: Functional recovery was documented using the Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Lower Extremity, Berg Balance Scale, Functional Ambulation Category, Ten-Meter Walk Test, Timed Up and Go Test, Six-Minute Walk Test, Modified Ashworth Scale, and a therapist-maintained functional mobility log covering transfers, indoor walking, turning, stair activity, and household participation. Results: At the end of six weeks, the patient demonstrated measurable improvement in lower limb motor control, standing balance, walking independence, gait speed, endurance, and confidence. The Fugl-Meyer Lower Extremity score increased from 18/34 to 27/34, the Berg Balance Scale score increased from 28/56 to 44/56, Functional Ambulation Category improved from 2 to 4, self-selected gait speed improved from 0.28 m/s to 0.64 m/s, Timed Up and Go reduced from 42 seconds to 24 seconds, and Six-Minute Walk distance increased from 82 m to 186 m. Qualitatively, right foot clearance, step length symmetry, turning control, and transfer independence improved. Conclusion: The case findings indicate that structured, progressive, and task-oriented gait training can improve functional recovery after left MCA stroke. Combining preparatory postural control with repetitive walking practice helped the patient progress from assisted household ambulation to supervised independent indoor mobility with improved safety and participation.
Inclusion: A Powerful Tool for Implementation of New India Literacy Programme (NILP)
Literacy is an imperative factor for countries for overall development and growth. Literacy is a powerful tool for any human being to achieve dignity and fundamental rights. It builds resilience and ensures quality in life as well as builds more powerful, equitable and inclusive sustainable society. In 1951 literacy rate of India is 18.3%. National Survey Report revealed that literacy rate in India in 2022 is 77.7%. India is continuously making changes in its education system to achieve 100% literacy rate by 2047.New India Literacy Programme (NILP) under NEP2020 is the latest scheme launched to cater the needs of various adult learners. Despite of various challenges and diverse learners, India is improving year by year. This paper focuses about the role of inclusion to boost literacy rate in India. It also discusses significance, relevance and importance of literacy, inclusive practices to increase literacy rates as well as challenges to face to meet the Goal of Universal Literacy by 2047.
Effectiveness of A Psychoeducational Intervention on Psychological Well-Being and Stress Management Among Adults in Bhopal: A Pre-Test Post-Test Study
Background: Mental health disorders represent a significant public health challenge in India, with urban populations facing unique stressors related to rapid urbanization, occupational demands, and socio-economic pressures. Bhopal, the capital city of Madhya Pradesh, has witnessed increasing mental health concerns among its residents, yet community-based psychological interventions remain limited. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a structured psychoeducational intervention on psychological well-being, perceived stress, and coping strategies among adults residing in Bhopal. Methods: A pre-experimental one-group pre-test post-test design was adopted. A total of 60 adults (age 21–45 years) were selected from urban localities of Bhopal using non-probability convenient sampling technique. A comprehensive structured questionnaire comprising the Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWBS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), and Brief COPE inventory was administered before and after a four-week psychoeducational intervention. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including paired t-tests. Results: The mean pre-test psychological well-being score was 52.4 (SD = 8.6), which significantly increased to 68.7 (SD = 7.2) in the post-test (t = 14.32, p < 0.001). Perceived stress scores decreased from a mean of 32.1 (SD = 6.8) to 22.4 (SD = 5.9) (t = 13.87, p < 0.001). Significant improvements were also observed in adaptive coping strategies, with problem-focused coping scores increasing from 18.3 (SD = 4.2) to 24.6 (SD = 3.8) (t = 11.45, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The structured psychoeducational intervention was found to be effective in enhancing psychological well-being, reducing perceived stress, and promoting adaptive coping strategies among adults in Bhopal. The findings underscore the need for integrating community-based psychological interventions into urban public health frameworks.
A Comprehensive Review of Intelligent Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques for Grid-Integrated Tidal Energy Conversion Systems
With the increasing importance of clean and dependable energy production methods, interest in marine renewable energy sources has greatly increased in recent years, particularly tidal energy owing to its predictability and energy density. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) methods have to be sophisticated in order to extract tidal energy effectively under varying tidal current conditions. This review presents an in-depth study of tidal energy conversion systems along with their MPPT methods and modern optimization techniques. The functioning principles of tidal turbines, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators (PMSGs), converters, and grid integration systems are investigated in the work. Comparison of classical MPPT methods (TSR, OTC, and HCS) is provided and their deficiencies under dynamic operating conditions are discussed. In addition, modern advances in intelligent optimization techniques such as Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), Fuzzy Logic (FL), and Reinforcement Learning (RL) is investigated in terms of accuracy, speed of convergence, harvesting efficiency, and stability of the system.
Md Abdul Razzaque, Dr. Abhimanyu Kumar, Dr. Chirag Gupta
कोटरी नदी बेसिन में भूमि उपयोग प्रतिरूप का अध्ययन
भूमि उपयोग प्रतिरूप किसी भी नदी बेसिन की भौगोलिक संरचना, प्राकृतिक संसाधन संपदा, पारिस्थितिकीय संतुलन तथा सामाजिक-आर्थिक विकास की दिशा और दशा का दर्पण होता है। वर्तमान शोध का उद्देश्य छत्तीसगढ़ राज्य स्थित कोटरी नदी बेसिन के चयनित विकासखण्डों में विद्यमान भूमि उपयोग प्रतिरूप का बहुआयामी, मात्रात्मक एवं सांख्यिकीय विश्लेषण प्रस्तुत करना है। अध्ययन क्षेत्र का अक्षांशीय विस्तार 19°13′30″ से 20°43′00″ उत्तर तथा देशांतर विस्तार 80°22′00″ से 82°00′15″ पूर्व के मध्य अवस्थित है। अनुसंधान में बहु-स्तरीय यादृच्छिक निदर्शन पद्धति के माध्यम से 400 उत्तरदाताओं का चयन किया गया। प्रत्येक चयनित विकासखण्ड से एक ग्राम पंचायत तथा प्रत्येक ग्राम पंचायत से तीन ग्रामों का चयन कर प्राथमिक आँकड़ों का संकलन संरचित अनुसूची एवं प्रश्नावली द्वारा किया गया, जबकि द्वितीयक आँकड़े भू-अभिलेख कार्यालय, राजस्व अभिलेख, जनगणना प्रतिवेदन, उपग्रह चित्रों तथा भौगोलिक सूचना प्रणाली आधारित स्रोतों से प्राप्त किए गए। संकलित आँकड़ों का विश्लेषण वर्णनात्मक सांख्यिकी, प्रतिशत विश्लेषण, काई-वर्ग परीक्षण तथा अन्य उपयुक्त सांख्यिकीय तकनीकों के माध्यम से किया गया। अध्ययन के निष्कर्ष इंगित करते हैं कि कृषि भूमि अध्ययन क्षेत्र की प्रमुख भूमि उपयोग श्रेणी है, जबकि वनाच्छादित क्षेत्र, परती भूमि, बंजर भूमि एवं अधिवासीय क्षेत्र का वितरण विकासखण्डों के अनुसार उल्लेखनीय स्थानिक विविधता प्रदर्शित करता है। सांख्यिकीय परीक्षणों से यह भी प्रमाणित हुआ कि विभिन्न विकासखण्डों के मध्य भूमि उपयोग प्रतिरूप में सांख्यिकीय रूप से सार्थक अंतर विद्यमान है। यह स्थिति प्राकृतिक भौगोलिक परिस्थितियों, स्थलाकृतिक विविधताओं, संसाधन उपलब्धता, जनसंख्या दबाव तथा मानवीय हस्तक्षेप के संयुक्त प्रभाव को परिलक्षित करती है। अध्ययन के निष्कर्ष सतत् भूमि संसाधन प्रबंधन, नदी बेसिन आधारित क्षेत्रीय नियोजन, कृषि भूमि संरक्षण, पारिस्थितिकीय संतुलन की पुनर्स्थापना तथा भौगोलिक सूचना प्रणाली आधारित निर्णय-निर्माण के लिए नीतिगत रूप से उपयोगी आधार प्रदान करते हैं। यह शोध कोटरी नदी बेसिन में भूमि उपयोग परिवर्तन की वैज्ञानिक समझ विकसित करने के साथ-साथ भावी क्षेत्रीय विकास योजनाओं एवं पर्यावरणीय प्रबंधन रणनीतियों के निर्माण में भी महत्त्वपूर्ण योगदान प्रदान करता है।
मोदी युग में भारतीय विदेश नीति और वैश्विक दक्षिण में भारत की भूमिकाः 2014 से वर्तमान तक
वर्ष 2014 के बाद भारतीय विदेश नीति के स्वरूप में स्पष्ट परिवर्तन दिखाई देता है। इस अवधि में भारत की विदेश नीति अधिक सक्रिय, बहुआयामी, व्यावहारिक और वैश्विक नेतृत्व की ओर उन्मुख हुई है। प्रधानमंत्री नरेन्द्र मोदी के नेतृत्व में भारत ने अपनी विदेश नीति को केवल द्विपक्षीय संबंधों तक सीमित न रखकर क्षेत्रीय सहयोग, वैश्विक साझेदारी और विकासशील देशों के हितों से जोड़ा। “पड़ोसी प्रथम”, “एक्ट ईस्ट”, “सागर”, “वसुधैव कुटुम्बकम्” और “विश्वबंधु” जैसी अवधारणाओं ने भारत की कूटनीतिक सोच को नई दिशा प्रदान की। इस दौर में भारत ने दक्षिण एशिया, हिंद-प्रशांत क्षेत्र, अफ्रीका, लैटिन अमेरिका और छोटे द्वीपीय देशों के साथ संबंधों को मजबूत करने का प्रयास किया। वैश्विक दक्षिण के संदर्भ में भारत ने स्वयं को विकासशील देशों की आवाज के रूप में प्रस्तुत किया। वर्ष 2023 में जी-20 अध्यक्षता के दौरान भारत ने खाद्य सुरक्षा, ऊर्जा संकट, ऋण-संकट, जलवायु न्याय, स्वास्थ्य सुरक्षा, डिजिटल सार्वजनिक अवसंरचना और बहुपक्षीय संस्थाओं में सुधार जैसे मुद्दों को प्रमुखता दी। अफ्रीकी संघ को जी-20 का स्थायी सदस्य बनवाने में भारत की भूमिका वैश्विक दक्षिण के प्रतिनिधित्व की दृष्टि से अत्यंत महत्त्वपूर्ण रही। इसी प्रकार “वॉयस ऑफ ग्लोबल साउथ समिट” के माध्यम से भारत ने विकासशील देशों की चिंताओं को अंतरराष्ट्रीय विमर्श के केंद्र में लाने का प्रयास किया। प्रस्तुत शोध-पत्र 2014 से वर्तमान तक मोदी युग में भारतीय विदेश नीति की बदलती दिशा, प्राथमिकताओं और वैश्विक दक्षिण में भारत की भूमिका का विश्लेषण करता है।
Exploring the Role of Nanomaterials in Improving Solar Cell Efficiency
Despite the fact that solar PV technology plays a key role in the global shift to renewable energy, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of traditional silicon-based PV cells is limited by inherent optical and electronic losses, including the Shockley–Queisser limit. In the last ten years, the use of light trapping, light absorption, charge separation and charge transport nanomaterials, such as quantum dots, perovskite nanocrystals, carbon nanotubes, graphene, plasmonic nanoparticles and nanostructured metal oxides, have been identified as a promising way to address these challenges. In this paper, the potential of utilizing nanomaterials to enhance solar cell efficiency is investigated by critically reviewing and analyzing secondary information obtained from peer-reviewed journals and publications from 2018 to 2025. The paper compares efficiency data from three types of quantum-dot sensitised solar cell, perovskite solar cell, dye-sensitised solar cell, and carbon-nanomaterial based solar cell, and puts these in perspective with the efficiency data for conventional silicon solar cells. Results suggest that the incorporation of nanomaterials has led to measurable improvements in efficiency over the years, with perovskite solar cells increasing from less than four percent in power conversion efficiency to more than twenty-five percent in just about a decade, and has imposed novel challenges in long-term stability, environmental toxicity and scalable manufacturing. The paper notes that nanomaterials hold the promise of a truly promising but still developing route towards next-generation PV, though further research is needed in the areas of durability, encapsulation, and cost-effective fabrication that will make it viable to enter into more widespread commercialization.
Reading Habits and Library Usage Pattern among College Students in Bhopal
Higher education cannot function without academic libraries, yet in the digital era, student reading habits are changing quickly. This research uses a thorough descriptive survey approach with a structured self-administered questionnaire to examine the reading habits and library use patterns of 100 college students in Bhopal. Chi-square, Wilcoxon signed-rank, and Pearson correlation tests were used to analyze the data using SPSS version 26.0 at a significance level of 0.05. The findings show that library use is primarily motivated by exams, with daily visits increasing from 8% during normal sessions to 45% during exam times. This difference was determined to be statistically significant (χ²=58.42, p<0.001). Due to less eye strain and improved attention, print materials continue to be the preferred medium for 47% of respondents, greatly outperforming digital forms (Z=-4.82, p<0.001). Student happiness and the frequency of library visits are somewhat positively correlated (r=0.42, p<0.001). Outdated book collections (38%), inadequate seats (48%), and poor internet access (45%) are the main obstacles. According to the study's findings, college libraries in Bhopal are mostly used for exams. Institutions must immediately fix infrastructure shortcomings, improve the availability of digital resources, and aggressively encourage information literacy among the student body in order to promote long-term academic engagement and lifetime reading habits.
An Analytical Investigation Of Academic Stress And Mental Health Among College Students In Higher Education
The issue of academic stress has become an important one among college students, since it is caused by high academic standards, exam pressure, heavy workloads and future career uncertainty, all of which may have a harmful effect on students' psychological state. The purpose of this research paper is to estimate the level of academic stress of students, to consider their mental health and to explore the connection between academic stress and mental health of students in higher education institutions. The research design used in this study was quantitative, descriptive and analytical. It included the cross-sectional survey method. Primary data were obtained from 150 undergraduate and graduate students of different programs by means of a structured questionnaire based on the five-point Likert scale. The collected data were processed through IBM SPSS Statistics (Version 26.0) by using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation and multiple linear regression analysis. As the result of the conducted research, it was found that there was a high level of academic stress among college students, where exam pressure, academic workload and assignment deadline were recognized as the main sources of stress. Besides, the respondents reported moderate to high level of mental health problems, including academic anxiety, emotional exhaustion, difficulties concentrating and sleeping problems. According to the results of correlation analysis, there was a significant negative correlation between academic stress and mental health, whereas, according to the results of regression analysis, academic stress turned out to be the significant predictor of students' psychological state. The research paper shows that the excessive academic stress has a harmful influence on the mental health of college students.
Postcolonial Hybridity And Existential Anxiety In Bharati Mukherjee's Desirable Daughters: An Analysis Of Diasporic Consciousness
This postcolonial hybridity and existential anxiety are explored in Bharati Mukherjee's Desirable Daughters with the perspective of the diasporic consciousness. It discusses the process of creating hybrid identities and psychological conflicts among migrants due to migration, cultural displacement and the encounter of India's tradition with its modernity. In this study a qualitative and interpretative method is used to capture or examine the experiences of alienation, displacement, negotiation of identity, development of the self, and cultural belonging of Tara, a postcolonial literary theory is used for the analysis. The findings reveal that diasporic identity is not fixed but fluid and continuously being built, unbuilt and rebuilt in various ways in the context of memory, migration, and in the context of transcultural encounters. The research also reveals the continuing process of the conflict between cultural values and the present social situation generating existential anxiety that forces people to engage in multiple negotiations of identity, and to seek to belong and be autonomous. It argues that Desirable Daughters is a rich depiction of postcolonial hybridity and diasporic consciousness and is a good example of complex processes of identity formation in multicultural and transnational contexts.
Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Martynia annua L. Leaf Extracts
In the quest for natural antioxidants and antibacterial chemicals to fight oxidative stress and antimicrobial resistance, medicinal plants continue to be an essential source of innovative therapeutic agents. The goal of the current research was to assess the antibacterial potential, antioxidant activity, and phytochemical components of various solvent extracts of Martynia annua L. leaves. Petroleum ether, ethanol, and distilled water were used in cold maceration to create leaf extracts. Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, saponins, carbohydrates, and proteins were found in preliminary phytochemical screening; the ethanolic extract showed the widest range of secondary metabolites. The ethanol extract had the greatest total phenolic content (112.45 ± 3.28 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid content (68.74 ± 2.01 mg QE/g), according to quantitative estimate. The DPPH free-radical scavenging test was used to measure antioxidant activity. The ethanolic extract showed a dose-dependent response with the lowest IC•₀ value of 45.23 µg/mL, while the aqueous extract had a value of 74.85 µg/mL. When Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were screened for antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion and broth microdilution, the ethanol extract demonstrated the strongest activity, with the largest zone of inhibition (18.14 ± 0.68 mm) and the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (0.625 mg/mL) against B. subtilis. There was very little action in the petroleum ether extract. These findings confirm the traditional therapeutic usage of M. annua and call for further separation and characterisation of its bioactive components. They also show that the ethanolic leaf extract of M. annua is a potential source of antioxidant and antibacterial phytochemicals.
Review paper on Power Quality of Bidirectional Rectifier for Electric Vehicle Charging System
The rapid growth of electric vehicles (EVs) has significantly increased the demand for efficient and grid-friendly charging infrastructures. Bidirectional rectifiers have emerged as a key technology in EV charging systems, enabling two-way power flow between the vehicle and the grid, commonly referred to as Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) operations. This bidirectional capability not only enhances energy utilization but also supports grid stability by allowing EVs to function as distributed energy storage systems. However, the integration of bidirectional rectifiers introduces critical power quality challenges, including harmonic distortion, poor power factor, voltage fluctuations, and increased electromagnetic interference. This review paper presents a comprehensive analysis of power quality issues associated with bidirectional rectifiers in EV charging systems. Various rectifier topologies such as PWM-based active front-end converters, multilevel rectifiers, and transformer-less configurations are examined in terms of their impact on total harmonic distortion (THD), efficiency, and power factor improvement. The study also highlights the limitations of conventional unidirectional rectifiers, which suffer from nonlinear behavior and degraded power quality, thereby emphasizing the advantages of active bidirectional designs. Furthermore, the paper reviews advanced control strategies, including power factor correction (PFC), adaptive controllers, and intelligent techniques, aimed at mitigating power quality issues and ensuring compliance with standards such as IEEE 519. The role of bidirectional converters in integrating renewable energy sources and stabilizing distribution networks is also discussed, particularly under high EV penetration scenarios.
Evolution of Crop Patterns in Haryana: A Comparative Study of Bajra and Jowar
The cropping pattern can be defined as the spatial sequence of cropping under various crops for a given area at a certain time. There have been a lot of changes which have taken place in cropping pattern of Haryana since Green revolution. The Haryana government has been encouraging the farmers to cultivate Bajra as a part of the crop diversification drive and procure Kharif at MSP. Haryana is the only state in the country where the government procure Bajra under MSP. The present paper is attempted to present an analytical account of Bajra and Jowar crops in the state of Haryana. The paper reveals the spatial and temporal variations in both the crops for the time period from period of green revolution to 2019-20. The data has been sourced from Statistical Abstract of Haryana. Secondary data from books, journals, periodicals etc. has been used to draw conclusions for the present paper. The paper finds that the change in cropping pattern of the crops has largely been affected by the changing market- oriented farming of the crops which has in turn, affected the soil fertility, nutritional value of crops and environment as well.
Plant Leaf Disease Detection using Deep Learning and Image Processing: A Systematic Review
Plant leaf diseases significantly affect agricultural productivity and crop quality worldwide, leading to major economic losses and food security challenges. Early and accurate detection of plant diseases is essential for improving crop management and reducing the excessive use of pesticides. In recent years, deep learning and image processing techniques have emerged as effective approaches for automated plant leaf disease detection due to their high accuracy and efficiency. This systematic review presents a comprehensive analysis of existing research on plant leaf disease detection using deep learning and image processing methods. The review discusses various stages involved in disease detection, including image acquisition, preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction, classification, and performance evaluation. Different machine learning and deep learning models such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), ResNet, VGG, AlexNet, MobileNet, and hybrid optimization techniques are examined and compared based on accuracy, computational efficiency, and dataset utilization. The study also highlights commonly used datasets, challenges associated with real-time field conditions, image quality, class imbalance, and limitations of traditional disease identification methods. Furthermore, recent advancements in transfer learning, data augmentation, IoT-based monitoring systems, and smartphone-assisted disease diagnosis are discussed. The review concludes that deep learning-based approaches provide superior performance compared to conventional image processing methods and have strong potential for developing intelligent, real-time, and cost-effective agricultural disease management systems.
कौटिल्य के सप्ताङ्ग सिद्धान्त में 'योगक्षेम': सुशासन, सम्प्रभुता और लोक-कल्याण का एक आलोचनात्मक विश्लेषण
कौटिल्य का अर्थशास्त्र प्राचीन भारतीय राज्यशास्त्र का एक ऐसा कालजयी ग्रंथ है, जो समकालीन राजनीतिक चिंतन और सुशासन (Good Governance) के सिद्धांतों को आज भी नई दिशा प्रदान करता है। प्रस्तुत अध्ययन कौटिल्य के 'सप्ताङ्ग सिद्धान्त' का पुनर्पाठ करते हुए यह प्रतिपादित करता है कि राज्य के सातों अङ्ग (स्वामी, अमात्य, जनपद, दुर्ग, कोश, दण्ड, मित्र) केवल यांत्रिक प्रशासनिक इकाइयाँ नहीं हैं, बल्कि उनका एकमात्र दार्शनिक और व्यावहारिक औचित्य प्रजा के 'योगक्षेम' (अप्राप्त संसाधनों का अर्जन और प्राप्त संसाधनों का संरक्षण व न्यायपूर्ण वितरण) को सिद्ध करना है। यह आलेख कौटिल्य के यथार्थवाद की तुलना पाश्चात्य यथार्थवादी परंपरा से करते हुए एंटोनियो ग्राम्शी, मिशेल फूको, मैक्स वेबर, कार्ल श्मिट, थॉमस हॉब्स, अरस्तू और जॉन रॉल्स जैसे आधुनिक राजनीतिक विचारकों के साथ एक आलोचनात्मक संवाद स्थापित करता है। यह विश्लेषण सिद्ध करता है कि कौटिल्य का शासन-मॉडल शुष्क शक्ति-राजनीति और अव्यावहारिक आदर्शवाद के परे 'नैतिक यथार्थवाद' (Normative Realism) पर आधारित लोक-कल्याणकारी राज्य का एक कालजयी और वैश्विक विकल्प प्रस्तुत करता है।
Urban Expansion and LULC Change in Shahbad City (2000–2020)
Urban expansion is one of the most significant spatial processes impacting land-use structure, environment and the socio-economic nature of developing towns. The present study aims at analyzing the dynamics, spatial distribution, influencing factors and impacts of urban growth in Shahbad City in 2000-2020. The changes occurring in major Land Use/Land Cover categories (built up area, agricultural land, open and fallow land, vegetated cover and green cover, and water bodies) were analyzed by remote sensing data and satellite imagery, and Geographic Information System techniques. The analysis indicates that the urban area has been expanding continuously from the core towards the north, south, east and west. Urban growth occurred along the major transport arteries, in small or leapfrog fashion on the urban fringe, within existing settlements and through intensification of the central area. The built-up area increased substantially from 64 in 2000 to 132 in 2010 and 218 in 2020. Agricultural land on the other hand decreased from 272 to 204 hectares and then to 148 hectares over the same timeframe. The green cover and vegetation area also reduced from 54 in 2000 to 34 in 2020 and open land and fallow land reduced to 68 in 2020 from 54 in 2000. The key factors of this change were found to be population growth, rural to urban migration, improved transportation, economic diversification, institutional development, and rising land values and real-estate activities. The results show that the rapid and somewhat unplanned urban development has put pressure on agricultural land, the green spaces, the drainage systems and public facilities. The study highlights the importance of GIS based monitoring, small urban development, efficient zoning, preservation of green spaces and water bodies and the integration of urban planning in order to find sustainable growth in the future of Shahbad City.
Understanding Public Opinion in the Digital Age: The Influence of Social Media in District Sirmaur, Himachal Pradesh
Social media has transformed public opinion formation by enabling citizens to receive, interpret, produce, and circulate information at unprecedented speed. This paper examines the perceived influence of social media on public opinion in District Sirmaur, Himachal Pradesh, with attention to a predominantly rural and geographically dispersed setting. A cross-sectional survey design is proposed and demonstrated using an illustrative dataset of 400 adult social-media users selected through stratified multistage sampling across rural, semi-urban, and urban localities. The model links social-media exposure, active engagement, perceived information credibility, misinformation concern, and digital literacy with perceived opinion influence and civic participation. Descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, correlations, multiple regression, and rural-urban mean comparisons are presented. The illustrative results indicate that WhatsApp is the most widely used platform, followed by YouTube, Facebook, and Instagram. Social-media exposure, active engagement, and perceived credibility show positive relationships with opinion influence, while misinformation concern is negatively associated with it. Digital literacy has a smaller but significant positive contribution and appears to strengthen critical evaluation. Opinion influence is also positively associated with civic participation. Rural respondents report lower exposure and digital literacy than urban and semi-urban respondents, but slightly higher concern about misinformation. The paper argues that social media in Sirmaur functions simultaneously as an information bridge, a participatory space, and a risk environment. It recommends district-level media-literacy programmes, multilingual and locally relevant communication, transparent public-information channels, and verification practices tailored to mobile-first users.
Domestic Violence Against Women: A Critical Study Of The Effectiveness Of Legal Protection
Domestic violence against women is a widespread issue of human rights violation, and a major barrier to gender equality in India. The legal framework has changed a great deal since the first constitutional guarantees and through statutory laws and judicial decisions, but there is a lingering concern about how well it is implemented. This paper critically discusses the legal safeguards related to domestic violence against women with special reference to Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005. The study employs a doctrinal research approach, examining the constitutional provisions, pertinent legislation, significant judicial rulings and international human rights instruments to determine the effectiveness of the current legal framework. The paper concludes that the Act has significantly expanded the notion of domestic violence by not only acknowledging physical, emotional, verbal, sexual and economic abuse, but also providing extensive civil remedies, including protection orders, rights to residence, monetary damages, custody and compensation. The realization of these legal opportunities is, however, hindered by ongoing problems such as underreporting, patriarchal social norms, lack of institutional support, low number of Protection Officers, judicial delays and lack of awareness of the law by the victims. The study concludes that India's legal framework is comprehensive and progressive, but it needs to be effectively implemented, institutionalized, coordinated and socialized for its success. Effective implementation mechanisms and socio-economic empowerment of women are crucial for meaningful access to justice and building on the constitutional mandate of equality, dignity and a life free from domestic violence.
Constitutionalism In India: Ancient Roots And Modern Framework
This paper explores the evolution of constitutionalism in India, arguing that the principles of limited governance and the rule of law are not merely colonial imports but have deep roots in ancient Indian political philosophy. By synthesizing historical jurisprudence with contemporary legal frameworks, the study examines how the concept of Dharma functioned as an early form of constitutionalism, imposing ethical and legal restraints on the absolute power of monarchs.
From Colonial Game to National Glory: Postcolonial Triumph in Sports Biopic 83
Kabir Khan’s 83 (2021) uses the real-life story of India’s 1983 Cricket World Cup victory to narrate a powerful postcolonial assertion of national identity. Cricket, which was once a colonial game introduced by the British to keep cultural dominance, 83 become a symbolic space of reversal and resistance. The movie places cricket at the centre of India's struggle for dignity, solidarity, and recognition among the world's leading nations in the aftermath of colonialism. 83, therefore, through the dramatisation of Kapil Dev's captaincy and the 1983 squad, turns cricket into a source of power, where the colonised have the authority to revise the old story of oppression to one of confidence and triumph. The film recreated the historic event in such a way that it presented both factual and emotional aspects, thus demonstrating not only the sportsmanlike side of the matter but also emphasising the cultural context of the event. The film, through its visuals, patriotism, and team spirit, suggests that the 1983 win was not merely a sporting event but rather a statement of decolonisation and the former colony's return to power over the metropolis.
Understanding Socio-Cultural Barriers to Women's Retirement Preparedness in India: An Integrated Conceptual Framework
Labor force participation, the changing family and the increasing life expectancy have created an important socio-economic issue on women's retirement preparedness. Nonetheless, women face socio-cultural challenges to adequately prepare for retirement, especially in the developing world like India. However, previous studies have largely concentrated on financial and demographic factors and the combined effect of socio-cultural factors has not been sufficiently investigated. This paper fills this gap by creating an integrated conceptual framework that throws light on how the socio-cultural barriers affect women's retirement preparedness in the Indian context. The framework is based upon the Gender Role Theory and the Life-Cycle Hypothesis, which help to identify the main barriers such as traditional gender roles, responsibilities as a caregiver, gender differences in employment and earnings, gender financial illiteracy, and institutional constraints. The paper presents research propositions that will help future empirical research and brings together the scattered evidence into a whole conceptual framework, thereby advancing the literature. The proposed framework also provides practical guidance for policy makers, financial institutions, employers, and financial educators in developing gender-sensitive solutions to enhance women's retirement readiness and long-term financial security.
The Impact of Educational Technology on Academic Achievement: A Review of Recent Studies
Educational technology drives innovation in teaching and learning, affecting students' academic performance at all levels. Digital tools like learning management systems, virtual classrooms, educational applications, multimedia resources, artificial intelligence, adaptive learning platforms, and collaborative online environments have made traditional instruction more interactive and learner-centered. summarizes recent empirical studies on educational technology's effects on students' academic performance, engagement, motivation, and learning. Effective instructional technology improves conceptual understanding, critical thinking, cooperation, self-directed learning, and information retention by delivering tailored instruction, quick feedback, and flexible learning materials. When used with good pedagogy, adaptive learning systems, gamification, learning analytics, and AI-supported educational platforms improve student accomplishment. The assessment also notes unequal access to digital infrastructure, inadequate teacher preparation, excessive screen time, digital diversions, cybersecurity risks, and the need for responsible technology use. Educational technology may boost academic performance, but instructional design, teacher ability, learner preparation, and institutional support are also important. Educational technology should assist effective instruction, not replace it. Strategic investments in digital infrastructure, professional development, inclusive educational policy, and evidence-based technology integration maximize learning results and prepare students for 21st-century digital competences.
LEARNING STYLES AND LEARNING OUTCOMES AT SECONDARY LEVEL: A STUDY OF STUDENTS FROM GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS
This research paper examines the relationship between learning styles and learning outcomes among secondary school students, with particular attention to differences between government and private school contexts. Drawing upon established theoretical frameworks including Kolb's Experiential Learning Theory (Kolb, 1984), the VARK model (Fleming & Mills, 1992), and the SOLO Taxonomy (Biggs & Collis, 1982), this study synthesises existing research to explore how institutional environments shape learning preferences and academic achievement. The paper presents a comprehensive literature review, proposes a mixed-methods research methodology, and discusses implications for educational practice. Findings suggest that while private schools generally demonstrate higher academic outcomes, government schools are showing significant improvement in foundational skills. Learning style preferences differ between school types, with reproducing styles showing stronger correlations with academic achievement in both contexts (Sharma & Verma, 2018). The paper concludes with recommendations for differentiated instructional strategies and suggests directions for future research.
Artificial Intelligence–Driven Risk-Based Monitoring Framework for Phase I–III Clinical Trials
As have rapidly developed electronic health records and artificial intelligence, we are presented with new opportunities for enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of clinical trial monitoring. This research presents a Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN)-based, AI-enabled risk-based monitoring system using MIMIC-III data. This section comprises various preprocessing stages, such as handling missing values, one-hot encoding, and min-max scaling, followed by train-test splitting and model implementation. The RNN model is structured to learn the time-dependent relationship of clinical data to predict risk. Experimental results show improved performance, with accuracy (acc) of 92.08, precision (prec) of 94.8, recall (rec) of 96.6, F1-score (F1) of 95.7, and AUC of 0.98. The comparative analysis reveals that the proposed model outperforms conventional machine learning techniques, including MLP, XGBoost, and SVM. The results indicate that the suggested method can be successfully used to enhance the efficiency of early risk identification and patient safety during clinical trials and could serve as a potential solution for real-time AI-based monitoring systems.
Perspectives on the Mind: A Comparative Study of Yogavāsiṣṭha and Western Psychology
The mind is central to both the Yogavāsiṣṭha and Western psychology, but the traditions ask different questions about it. The Yogavāsiṣṭha treats mind as the power of ideation through which bondage, desire, and experienced plurality arise; its final aim is liberation through self-knowledge. Western psychology is a plural scientific and clinical field seeking prediction, adaptation, well-being, or relief from distress. This conceptual article compares their accounts of mental construction, conditioning, selfhood, suffering, emotion regulation, agency, method, and transformation. Both recognise that interpretation shapes experience, patterns acquire causal force, decentring can weaken reactivity, and practice can alter conduct. Their deepest divergence concerns ontology and selfhood. The Yogavāsiṣṭha places mind within non-dual consciousness and aims at de-identification; Western psychology remains methodologically naturalistic and works toward a flexible, functional person. A disciplined dialogue can combine radical phenomenological inquiry with operational definitions, clinical safeguards, and empirical testing without reducing either framework to the other.
Ethics of Remembrance: Memory and Moral Responsibility in Kazuo Ishiguro's Works
Memory takes centre stage in the narrative world of Ishiguro's literature and is never a straightforward account of past experiences. On the contrary, in Ishiguro's literary world, memory is portrayed as a difficult, yet moral journey where characters confront themselves over past secrets, mistakes, and responsibilities. In the works of Ishiguro, we learn that memory is not a pristine lens through which one views an objective past, but a selective and ever-changing phenomenon shaped by emotion and suppression. In this work, the issue of morality connected with memory is analyzed within four novels: "Klara and the Sun," "A Pale View of Hills," "Never Let Me Go," and "The Remains of the Day." This work implies that the Ishiguro’s characters not only become historians but also moral judges of their life choices. The use of the retrospective technique in their narration reveals the constant struggle between moral duty and self-justification. This study employs a comparative approach to illustrate how remembrance is less about nostalgic sentimentality than it is about self-scrutiny. The paper explains how Ishiguro elevates remembrance to an ethical necessity for dealing with the consequences of the past at both the personal and social level through his exploration of the link between memory and identity [1].
A Study on Fixed Point Results within Fuzzy Metric Structures
Fixed point theory provides a rigorous mechanism for proving the existence and uniqueness of equilibrium states and for validating iterative approximation procedures. Fuzzy metric structures extend this mechanism to settings in which nearness is represented by a graded value that depends on both the pair of points and a positive scale parameter. This article presents a theoretical study of fixed point results in George–Veeramani fuzzy metric spaces. A reciprocal-gap functional is used to convert fuzzy nearness into a non-negative separation quantity. On this basis, an orbit-bounded contraction principle is formulated and proved. The theorem establishes that a reciprocal-gap contractive self-map on a complete fuzzy metric space possesses a unique fixed point whenever one Picard orbit is bounded at every positive scale. The argument gives an explicit Cauchy estimate and does not require an independent continuity assumption on the mapping. A metric-induced corollary recovers the classical Banach contraction principle, while a commuting-map corollary yields a unique common fixed point. A fully worked example on the non-negative real line illustrates the hypotheses, iteration formula, rate of convergence, and limiting fuzzy nearness. The study clarifies the relationship between ordinary and fuzzy contraction mechanisms and provides a transparent framework for further nonlinear extensions.
Government Development Initiatives and Rural Socio-Economic Transformation: An Empirical Study of Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh
Government has emerged as main agent and determining authority to control the direction and success of any kind of development and welfare oriented schemes. With the tools of introducing and implementing these development plans and social welfare schemes in an effective manner government can play active role in socio-economic transformation of rural areas. In order to assure the welfare and development of Kullu district, the government has launched various welfare and development oriented schemes in Kullu district. The present study is an attempt to analyse these initiatives of government, their role in socio-economic transformation and challenges being faced in effective implementation of these initiatives in Kullu district.
Review on Reversible Radix-2 FFT using Reversible Gate and Different Adder
Reversible computing has emerged as a promising approach for designing low-power and energy-efficient digital circuits by minimizing information loss and reducing heat dissipation. In Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) systems, Reversible Logic Gates have gained considerable attention due to their potential applications in quantum computing, nanotechnology, digital signal processing (DSP), and low-power hardware architectures. Among DSP algorithms, the Radix-2 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is one of the most widely used techniques for efficient computation of the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), playing a vital role in wireless communication, image processing, biomedical engineering, radar, and multimedia applications. The performance of a reversible Radix-2 FFT architecture is largely influenced by the efficiency of the reversible butterfly unit and the reversible adder employed during arithmetic operations. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of Reversible Radix-2 FFT architectures implemented using various reversible logic gates, including Feynman Gate (FG), Fredkin Gate (FRG), Toffoli Gate (TG), Peres Gate (PG), HNG Gate, TSG Gate, and BKG Gate, along with different reversible adder designs such as Ripple Carry Adder (RCA), Carry Look-Ahead Adder (CLA), Carry Save Adder (CSA), Carry Select Adder (CSLA), and Modified Carry Select Adder (MCSLA). The review compares existing architectures based on important design metrics, including quantum cost, garbage outputs, constant inputs, propagation delay, power consumption, silicon area, and hardware complexity. Furthermore, recent optimization techniques aimed at reducing quantum cost and improving computational efficiency are critically discussed.
Abhinandan Kumar Nandan, Prof. Suresh S. Gawande
Reimagining Indian Education through the National Education Policy 2020: A Critical Review of Educational Reforms, Teacher Education, and Technology Integration
The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 marks a significant milestone in the reform of India's education system after more than three decades. Replacing the National Policy on Education (1986), it presents a comprehensive vision for creating a learner-centred, multidisciplinary, and technology-enabled education system that responds to the changing needs of the twenty-first century. This review paper critically examines the key provisions of NEP 2020 with a focus on educational reforms, teacher education and professional development, and the integration of digital technologies into teaching and learning. The study is based on a review of government policy documents, scholarly publications, and other relevant secondary sources to understand both the opportunities and the practical challenges associated with implementing the policy. The analysis suggests that NEP 2020 has the potential to improve educational quality by promoting competency-based learning, strengthening teacher preparation, and encouraging the effective use of technology. However, the successful realization of these objectives depends on adequate financial support, institutional preparedness, digital infrastructure, and coordinated efforts among policymakers, educational institutions, teachers, and local communities. The paper concludes that effective implementation, rather than policy design alone, will determine the long-term impact of NEP 2020 on India's education system.
An Analytical Study of Business Management Practices and Their Influence on Business Efficiency and Profitability
This research provides an analytical assessment of the impact of strategic management, financial management, human resource management, and marketing management on the efficiency and profitability of businesses. The research design used in this study is analytical and involves responses collected from a sample of 110 participants to determine the effectiveness and impact of different management practices on the performance of businesses. The results of the analysis show that strategic management increases the efficiency of business operations through the improvement of resource allocation, coordination, decision making, and control processes within the organization. Financial management assists in increasing profitability of the organization through effective budgeting, cost management, financial planning, and financial resources management. Human resource management is beneficial in improving productivity, skill, motivation, and efficiency of employees, whereas marketing management helps in obtaining customers, retaining them, increasing sales, and developing markets. The study further shows that the integration of different management practices is more advantageous for organizations compared to their isolated use. Thus, the effective management practices help in better utilization of resources, increased productivity, efficiency, cost management, and profitability of business organizations.
Narrative Structures, Gender, And Power Dynamics In Shakespeare's King Lear And The Tempest: An Interdisciplinary Comparative Analysis
William Shakespeare's King Lear and The Tempest are among his most significant plays, offering profound insights into narrative construction, gender representation, and the dynamics of political and social power. This study presents an interdisciplinary comparative analysis of these two plays by integrating narrative theory, feminist literary criticism, and political analysis. Using a qualitative research methodology based on close textual reading and comparative literary analysis, the study examines how Shakespeare employs contrasting narrative structures to explore authority, leadership, gender identity, and ethical governance. The findings reveal that King Lear follows a tragic narrative that exposes the consequences of failed leadership, patriarchal authority, and political disorder, whereas The Tempest adopts a restorative narrative emphasizing reconciliation, forgiveness, and responsible governance. The study further demonstrates that female characters, including Cordelia, Goneril, Regan, Miranda, and Sycorax, play crucial roles in shaping power relations and challenging traditional gender hierarchies. The comparative analysis highlights that narrative structure, gender, and power are deeply interconnected, with Shakespeare using dramatic form to question absolute authority and promote justice, moral responsibility, and ethical leadership. By combining literary criticism with interdisciplinary perspectives, this research contributes to Shakespearean studies and demonstrates the continuing relevance of his works to contemporary discussions of gender equality, political authority, leadership, and social justice.
Jigyasa Sharma, Dr. Ram Naresh Singh Tomar
उद्यमों में पर्यावरणीय प्रबंधन, हरित मानव संसाधन प्रबंधन और पर्यावरण-अनुकूल व्यवहार: एक विषयगत अध्ययन
एसएमई में पर्यावरणीय प्रबंधन, कॉर्पोरेट सामाजिक उत्तरदायित्व, पर्यावरणीय रणनीति, हरित मानव संसाधन प्रबंधन, नेतृत्व और पर्यावरण-अनुकूल व्यवहार से संबंधित साहित्य का विषयगत विश्लेषण प्रस्तुत करता है। शोध पत्रों की व्यवस्थित समीक्षा के आधार पर यह अध्ययन उन प्रमुख सैद्धांतिक और व्यावहारिक कारकों की पहचान करता है जो एसएमई में पर्यावरणीय उत्तरदायित्व के अपनाने और क्रियान्वयन को प्रभावित करते हैं। समीक्षा से यह स्पष्ट होता है कि एसएमई में पर्यावरणीय प्रबंधन केवल नियामकीय अनुपालन तक सीमित नहीं है, बल्कि यह संसाधन उपलब्धता, प्रबंधकीय दृष्टिकोण, संगठनात्मक सीख, हितधारक दबाव और नेतृत्व की प्रतिबद्धता से भी गहराई से प्रभावित होता है। अध्ययन यह भी दर्शाता है कि पर्यावरणीय रणनीति और प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक लाभ के बीच सकारात्मक संबंध पाया जाता है, जबकि व्यक्तिगत स्तर पर पर्यावरणीय चिंता, जागरूकता, ज्ञान और सामाजिक-सांस्कृतिक संदर्भ पर्यावरण-अनुकूल व्यवहार को आकार देते हैं। तथापि, जागरूकता और व्यवहार के बीच का अंतर अभी भी एक महत्वपूर्ण शोध-चुनौती बना हुआ है। यह अध्ययन भविष्य के अनुसंधान के लिए एक समेकित वैचारिक ढांचा, विकासशील अर्थव्यवस्थाओं पर अधिक ध्यान, तथा दीर्घकालिक और बहु-स्तरीय शोध डिज़ाइन की आवश्यकता को रेखांकित करता है।
Role of Digital Payments in Financial Inclusion and Economic Development in India
Digital payments have emerged as a major instrument for promoting financial inclusion and economic development in India. The growth of platforms such as Unified Payments Interface, mobile banking, internet banking, Aadhaar Enabled Payment System, digital wallets, QR code payments and banking correspondent-based services has transformed the way individuals and businesses access financial services. This study explains the role of digital payments in expanding access to banking facilities, reducing dependence on cash, improving transparency and bringing underserved sections into the formal financial system. Digital payments are especially important for rural households, women, farmers, small traders, street vendors and Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises because they provide convenient, low-cost and faster financial transactions. They also support Direct Benefit Transfer by enabling subsidies, pensions, scholarships and welfare payments to reach beneficiaries directly, thereby reducing delays, leakages and middlemen. The study also highlights the contribution of digital payments to economic development through formalization of the economy, tax transparency, reduction in transaction cost, business efficiency, e-commerce growth and better access to credit. However, challenges such as digital illiteracy, poor internet connectivity, cyber fraud, lack of awareness and limited smartphone access continue to restrict full adoption. Overall, digital payments act as a bridge between financial access and inclusive economic growth by strengthening transparency, financial participation and business development in India.
Digital Empowerment of Women in Rural Areas: Opportunities and Challenges
The introduction of digital technologies is an exciting tool to support socio-economic viability and vitality in rural communities, and women are at the centre of the change. This paper explores digital empowerment of rural women, focusing on opportunities facilitated by digital access and obstacles which remain to full engagement in effective participation. The study draws from the ongoing debate about digital divide, financial inclusion and gender equality and focuses on the role of mobile technology, the Internet and digital financial services products and how they affect women's economic autonomy, their social participation and women's access to information. The research design adopted was quantitative and the data collected were primary data obtained by structured questionnaire with likert scale of five point participated by 160 respondents which were rural women. Data collected were then analysed using the descriptive technique, reliability testing, correlation analysis, one-way ANOVA and multiple regression analysis by using Statistical Package Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings reveal statistically positive digital access women empowerment, while, on the other hand, certain limitations are stated such as low digital literacy, absence of relevant infrastructure, financial barriers and socio-cultural restrictions have been revealed. These two variables, namely digital literacy and digital financial inclusion emerged as the best predictors of the empowerment outcomes based on the regression results. The authors conclude from the study that digital empowerment provides a good opportunity to empower the rural women, but it must be implemented together with the policy measures, appropriate digital literacy training, low cost connectivity and supportive socio-cultural environment..
Relationship Between Cognitive Impairment and Postural Stability in Elderly Population
Background: Cognitive decline and postural instability frequently coexist in later life, yet the cognitive domains that most strongly influence balance and the added value of integrated cognitive-motor training remain insufficiently defined in older Indian populations. Objective: To examine the relationship between cognitive impairment and postural stability, identify cognitive predictors of balance dysfunction, compare prospective fall incidence, and evaluate an eight-week combined cognitive-balance training programme against balance training alone. Methods: Thirty adults aged 55-75 years were assessed at baseline: 15 with cognitive impairment and 15 cognitively healthy controls. Cognition was evaluated with the Mini-Mental State Examination and Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Postural stability was assessed using the Berg Balance Scale and single-task and dual-task Timed Up and Go tests, with serial subtraction used as the cognitive task. Falls were recorded prospectively for eight weeks. Participants with cognitive impairment were then randomized to combined cognitive-balance training (n=8) or balance-only training (n=7), delivered for 60 minutes, three times weekly, for eight weeks. Group comparisons, correlations, multiple regression, Fisher exact tests, and repeated-measures analysis of variance were used. Results: Compared with cognitively healthy participants, the cognitively impaired group had lower Berg Balance Scale scores (43.2 +/- 6.1 vs 51.8 +/- 3.9; p<0.001; d=1.68), slower single-task Timed Up and Go performance (14.1 +/- 2.7 vs 9.4 +/- 1.6 s; p<0.001; d=2.14), and greater dual-task cost (34.0% +/- 9.5% vs 18.1% +/- 7.2%; p<0.001; d=1.87). Executive function was the only significant independent cognitive predictor of balance (standardized beta=0.51; p<0.001; model R2=0.61). Falls occurred in 40.0% of cognitively impaired and 13.3% of cognitively healthy participants (p=0.109). Combined training produced greater improvement than balance-only training in Berg Balance Scale score (+6.5 vs +2.7 points; time-by-group p<0.001; partial eta-squared=0.58), dual-task Timed Up and Go (-5.2 vs -1.5 s; p<0.001; partial eta-squared=0.55), and dual-task cost (35.2% to 21.4% vs 33.1% to 34.0%; p=0.004). Attendance exceeded 85%, with no dropouts and no serious adverse events. Conclusion: Cognitive impairment, particularly executive dysfunction, is strongly associated with poorer postural stability and greater cognitive-motor interference. Combined cognitive-balance training appears feasible and more effective than balance training alone, although larger controlled trials are required to confirm effects on falls.
Comparative Effect of Reciprocal Inhibition and Static Stretching Technique on Hip Flexion Range of Motion in Individuals with Iliopsoas Tightness
Background: Iliopsoas tightness is common in individuals with prolonged sedentary exposure and may restrict hip extension, alter lumbopelvic mechanics, and contribute to compensatory movement. Reciprocal Inhibition (RI) and Static Stretching (SS) represent two different approaches to improving muscle length: RI uses an antagonist contraction to facilitate reflex relaxation of the iliopsoas, whereas SS relies on sustained passive mechanical elongation. Objective: To compare the effect of RI and SS on hip flexion range of motion, quantified through hip extension capability, in individuals with iliopsoas tightness. Methods: A randomized experimental pre-test/post-test comparative study included 30 participants aged 20–40 years with a positive Modified Thomas Test and sedentary occupations involving more than six hours of sitting per day. Participants were allocated equally to Group A (RI, n=15) and Group B (SS, n=15). Interventions were delivered for two weeks, six sessions per week. Hip extension ROM was measured with a universal goniometer in the Modified Thomas Test position. Paired and independent t-tests, Pearson correlation, chi-square analysis, and Cohen’s d were used. Results: RI increased mean hip extension ROM from 171.42±3.25° to 185.24±2.88° (mean gain 13.82°, p<0.001), while SS increased ROM from 172.15±3.10° to 180.30±2.95° (mean gain 8.15°, p<0.001). The mean between-group difference in improvement was 5.67° (p<0.001). Post-treatment Modified Thomas Test negativity was 93.3% with RI and 46.7% with SS. Baseline ROM correlated negatively with BMI (r=-0.684) and daily sitting hours (r=-0.742), both p<0.001. Conclusion: Both techniques improved iliopsoas flexibility, but RI produced substantially larger ROM gains and a higher clinical normalization rate than SS over the two-week intervention period.
Dr. Khushi Sahu, Dr. P. R. Suresh, Dr. Palak Bansal
The Effect of Recreational Activities on Upper Extremity Functional Recovery in Stroke Survivors: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Background: Persistent upper-extremity impairment limits independence, quality of life, and social participation after stroke. Conventional rehabilitation is effective but may be constrained by repetitive task formats and declining adherence. This pilot randomized controlled trial evaluated whether a structured recreational-activity programme could improve upper-limb recovery and broader rehabilitation outcomes. Methods: Thirty chronic stroke survivors aged 60 years or older were randomized equally to structured recreational activities plus standard rehabilitation (n=15) or conventional rehabilitation (n=15). The 12-week programme included adaptive sports, art-based tasks, music-related activities, and virtual-reality or game-based upper-limb practice delivered three to four times weekly. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks using the Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Upper Extremity (FMA-UE), Stroke Impact Scale (SIS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Frenchay Activities Index (FAI). A 2 × 3 mixed-design ANOVA, between-group comparisons, effect sizes, and intention-to-treat analyses were applied. Results: FMA-UE scores increased from 34.5 ± 8.7 to 52.8 ± 6.9 in the intervention group and from 34.0 ± 9.0 to 41.7 ± 7.8 in controls. The group × time interaction was significant (F=7.56, p=0.002, partial η²=0.213). At 12 weeks, the adjusted between-group difference was 11.1 points (95% CI 5.3-16.9; p<0.001; Cohen's d=1.42). The intervention group also showed better SIS (mean difference 13.7; p=0.002), lower HADS (mean difference -3.9; p=0.013), higher FAI (mean difference 7.9; p=0.004), and greater attendance (90.6% vs 78.6%; p=0.006). Clinically meaningful FMA-UE improvement occurred in 93.3% versus 40.0% of participants. No significant adverse events were reported. Conclusion: Structured recreational activities produced large preliminary gains in upper-limb motor recovery, quality of life, psychological well-being, social participation, and adherence. Larger multicentre trials with longer follow-up are required.
From Dissent to Criminality in the digital age: Reassessing the Limits of Free Speech in India
The rapid expansion of digital communication technologies has fundamentally transformed the exercise of the right to freedom of speech and expression in India. Social media platforms have emerged as indispensable spaces for political participation, democratic engagement, and public discourse, enabling citizens to express opinions, criticize governmental policies, and mobilize collective action. However, the same platforms have also facilitated the dissemination of hate speech, misinformation, online harassment, and content capable of disturbing public order, thereby posing significant constitutional and criminal law challenges. The increasing criminalisation of online speech, particularly in cases involving political expression, has intensified the debate on the permissible limits of free speech in a constitutional democracy. This article critically examines the constitutional and statutory framework governing freedom of speech and expression in the digital age. It analyses the evolving judicial interpretation of free speech through landmark decisions of the Supreme Court. The article further evaluates the scope of criminal liability for online speech under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, the Information Technology Act, 2000. The study examines the legal responsibilities of social media intermediaries and the challenges posed by algorithm-driven dissemination of digital content. The article examines that a coherent constitutional framework, guided by judicial safeguards, procedural fairness, and narrowly tailored criminal regulation, is essential to preserve both freedom of expression and the rule of law in India's evolving digital democracy.
Comparative Analysis and Structural Design of Transmission Line Towers under Wind Loading
Transmission line towers are critical structural components of electrical power transmission systems and are required to withstand various environmental and operational loads throughout their service life. Among these, wind loading is one of the most significant lateral loads influencing the structural stability, member forces, deformation, and overall safety of transmission towers. This study presents a comparative analysis and structural design of transmission line towers subjected to wind loading. The analysis considers the major design parameters, including tower geometry, material properties, wind speed, terrain conditions, exposure characteristics, and load combinations. Wind loads acting on the tower and conductors are evaluated according to relevant structural design provisions, and the resulting forces are used for the analysis and design of tower members. The structural response is assessed in terms of axial forces, stresses, displacement, reactions, and factor of safety. A comparative evaluation is performed to identify the influence of different wind-loading conditions and structural configurations on the performance of transmission line towers. The study aims to determine the most suitable tower configuration by achieving an appropriate balance between structural strength, stability, safety, and material utilization. Numerical structural analysis can be carried out using engineering software such as STAAD.Pro or ANSYS to evaluate the behavior of the tower under critical loading conditions. The findings of the study provide useful insights into wind-resistant transmission tower design and can assist in developing safe, reliable, and economically efficient transmission line structures.
Efficacy of Myofascial Release versus Positional Release Technique on Pain and Functional Ability in Patients with Mechanical Low Back Pain
Background: Mechanical low back pain is a common musculoskeletal disorder in which pain, disability, restricted lumbar movement, and myofascial dysfunction can interfere with daily activities. Myofascial Release (MFR) and Positional Release Technique (PRT) are manual therapy approaches that act through different mechanical and neurophysiological mechanisms. Objective: To compare the efficacy of MFR and PRT on pain intensity, functional ability, and lumbar range of motion in patients with mechanical low back pain. Methods: A randomized clinical trial with a two-group parallel design was conducted in the Physiotherapy Department of People’s Hospital. Thirty participants were recruited and allocated equally to Group A (MFR, n=15) and Group B (PRT, n=15). Both groups received three sessions per week for four weeks (12 sessions), with each session lasting approximately 45 minutes. Pain was assessed by the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), functional disability by the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and lumbar mobility by the modified Schober’s test. Paired t-tests assessed within-group change, independent t-tests assessed between-group differences, and Pearson correlation examined the relationship between pain reduction and functional improvement. Results: VAS scores improved significantly in both groups: MFR from 6.92±1.15 to 2.35±0.78 and PRT from 6.85±1.22 to 2.52±0.84 (both p<0.001). The post-intervention VAS difference between groups was not significant (p=0.570). ODI improved from 44.1±8.2% to 19.2±5.1% in the MFR group and from 43.8±7.9% to 24.1±6.3% in the PRT group (both p<0.001); the greater mean ODI improvement with MFR (24.9 vs 19.7 percentage points) was significant (p=0.003). Lumbar flexion and extension increased significantly in both groups. Pain reduction and functional improvement showed a strong positive correlation (r=0.79, p<0.001). Conclusion: Both MFR and PRT are effective for pain reduction in mechanical low back pain, but MFR produced greater improvement in functional disability and may be preferred when the rehabilitation goal is broader functional restoration.
Dr. Lovely Dangi, Dr. Huma Khan, Dr. Palak Bansal
Effect of PNF Exercise on Mechanical Neck Pain in IT Professional
Background: Mechanical neck pain is common among information technology professionals because prolonged computer use, sustained sitting, forward-head posture and repetitive occupational demands can contribute to muscular imbalance, altered motor control and neck-related disability. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) uses manual resistance, contract-relax, hold-relax, rhythmic stabilization, dynamic reversals and diagonal movement patterns to facilitate neuromuscular control and functional movement. Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of PNF exercises in reducing pain and neck-related disability in IT professionals with mechanical neck pain. Methods: Thirty IT professionals aged 25–45 years with chronic mechanical neck pain were allocated to two groups (n=15 each). The experimental group received PNF exercises with conventional physiotherapy, while the control group received a conventional physiotherapy/stretching programme. The detailed intervention protocol specifies supervised sessions three times weekly for four weeks (12 sessions), with approximately 45 minutes per experimental session. Pain was assessed using the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), and functional disability using the Neck Disability Index (NDI). Paired and independent t-tests were described for statistical comparison. Results: In the experimental group, NPRS decreased from 7.0±0.85 to 2.93±0.80 and NDI decreased from 42.73±2.66 to 20.40±2.32; both changes were reported as statistically significant (p=0.001). The thesis reports significant post-treatment differences between the experimental and control groups, particularly for NDI. However, the control post-NPRS mean and several statistical labels are internally inconsistent across the source tables and require verification before journal submission. Conclusion: The reported findings support PNF exercises combined with conventional physiotherapy as a potentially effective approach for reducing pain and disability in IT professionals with mechanical neck pain, while the source statistical inconsistencies should be corrected before final publication.
Dr. Nidhi Sharma, Dr. Huma Khan, Dr. Mahima Masih
Effects of Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy on Pain in Individuals with Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome
Background: Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (MTSS) is a common overuse injury characterized by pain along the posteromedial border of the tibia. Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy (ESWT) has been proposed as an effective non-invasive intervention for reducing pain and improving recovery. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of ESWT on pain in individuals with MTSS. Methods: A randomized controlled pre–post study was conducted on 30 participants, with 15 participants each in the experimental and control groups. The experimental group received ESWT along with conventional physiotherapy, whereas the control group received conventional management. Outcomes were assessed using the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS), and MTSS score. Statistical significance was considered at p<0.05. Results: The experimental group demonstrated significant improvement in NPRS, LEFS, and MTSS scores following intervention (p<0.001). Post-treatment comparison between the experimental and control groups also showed significant differences in favour of the experimental group (p<0.0001). Conclusion: ESWT combined with conventional physiotherapy was effective in reducing pain and improving functional outcomes in individuals with MTSS and may be considered a useful adjunct in rehabilitation.
Dr. Rishita Priya, Dr. Huma Khan, Dr. Mahima Masih
इंदौर जिले के नगरीय उपभोक्ताओं में उपभोक्ता जागरूकता का अध्ययन
उपभोक्ता किसी भी देश का सबसे बड़ा आर्थिक समूह है। वे सभी आर्थिक गतिविधियों के केंद्र बिंदु हैं। उत्पादन, भंडारण और वितरण का अंतिम उद्देश्य उपभोक्ताओं की संतुष्टि के लिए वस्तुओं और सेवाओं की खपत सुनिश्चित करना है। उपभोक्ता जागरूकता का अर्थ है, विभिन्न उपभोक्ता उत्पादन कानूनों, निवारण तंत्र और उपभोक्ता अधिकारों के बारे में ज्ञान रखने के प्रति जागरूक होना। जिसमें उपभोक्ता द्वारा खरीदी गई वस्तुओं और सेवाओं से स्वास्थ्य और सुरक्षा की सुरक्षा का अधिकार, गुणवत्ता, मूल्य, शक्ति के बारे में सूचित होने का अधिकार, शुद्धता और अच्छाई का स्तर, दूसरों की विविधता में से सर्वश्रेष्ठ चुनने का अधिकार, कोई शिकायत या सुझाव होने पर प्रतिनिधित्व प्राप्त करने का अधिकार और अनुचित व्यापार व्यवहार या बेईमान शोषण के खिलाफ निवारण का अधिकार शामिल है। उपभोक्ताओं को अनुचित व्यापार प्रथाओं से बचाने के लिए उपभोक्ता संरक्षण अधिनियम 1986 में अधिनियमित किया गया था। उपभोक्ता संरक्षण अधिनियम द्वारा प्रत्येक उपभोक्ता को कुछ अधिकार प्रदान किए गए हैं। प्रत्येक उपभोक्ता को उपभोक्ता के अधिकारों और दायित्वों के प्रति जागरूक होना चाहिए। प्रस्तुत अध्ययन में नगर के उपभोक्ताओं में जागरूकता का स्तर ज्ञात करने का प्रयास किया गया है। समंक एकत्र करने के लिए, मध्यप्रदेश के इंदौर जिले में 150 प्रतिदर्श उत्तरदाताओं का चयन किया गया था।
An Experimental Investigation on M-30 Grade Concrete Prepared by Partial Replacement of Cement with Polypropylene Fiber, Coconut Shell Ash and Colloidal Nano Silica: A Review
The reviewed literature collectively highlights the potential of agricultural and industrial by-products—such as coconut shell ash, nano silica, polypropylene fibers, and glass powder—as partial cement replacements to produce sustainable concrete. Studies consistently show that coconut shell ash (CSA) possesses pozzolanic reactivity due to its high silica content, contributing to strength gain when used up to 10–15% replacement, beyond which dilution effects reduce performance. Nano silica (NS) accelerates hydration and refines the pore structure, significantly improving early-age compressive and tensile strengths, with optimal dosages generally in the range of 1–3% by weight of cement. Polypropylene fibers (PPF) are widely reported to enhance ductility, crack resistance, and post-cracking behaviour, though they tend to reduce workability at higher volumes. Combined use of CSA and NS achieves synergistic effects on mechanical properties and durability, while PPF further improves flexural toughness and resistance to chemically aggressive environments. Several researchers have noted that careful proportioning is crucial, as excessive amounts of any of these materials lead to strength reduction and workability loss. This review confirms that a hybrid blend of CSA, NS, and PPF is a promising pathway for developing sustainable, high-performance M-30 grade concrete.
प्रारम्भिक मध्यकालीन उत्तर भारत में वर्ण से जाति का संक्रमण
प्रारम्भिक मध्यकालीन उत्तर भारत का सामाजिक इतिहास वर्ण और जाति के पारस्परिक संबंधों में आए व्यापक परिवर्तनों को समझने की दृष्टि से अत्यंत महत्त्वपूर्ण है। प्राचीन धर्मशास्त्रीय परम्परा में भारतीय समाज को ब्राह्मण, क्षत्रिय, वैश्य और शूद्र - इन चार वर्णों के अंतर्गत व्यवस्थित करने का प्रयास किया गया था, किंतु सामाजिक व्यवहार इस सैद्धान्तिक व्यवस्था की तुलना में कहीं अधिक जटिल था। लगभग 600 ई. से 1200 ई. के बीच उत्तर भारत में राजनीतिक सत्ता के क्षेत्रीयकरण, कृषि भूमि के विस्तार, ब्राह्मणों एवं धार्मिक संस्थाओं को भूमि-अनुदान, नवीन ग्रामीण बस्तियों की स्थापना, जनजातीय समुदायों के कृषक समाज में समावेशन, व्यवसायों के विशेषीकरण तथा प्रशासनिक तंत्र के विस्तार ने अनेक नई सामाजिक पहचानों को जन्म दिया। ब्राह्मणों में क्षेत्र और मूल ग्राम के आधार पर उपविभाजन विकसित हुए, स्थानीय सैन्य एवं शासकीय समुदायों से राजपूत पहचान मजबूत हुई, लेखन और प्रशासन से जुड़े वर्गों से कायस्थ समुदाय का विकास हुआ तथा कृषक, व्यापारी, शिल्पी और सेवा-समूहों की अनेक जातियाँ सामाजिक संरचना का स्थायी भाग बनीं। अतः वर्ण से जाति का संक्रमण वर्ण-व्यवस्था के अंत का द्योतक नहीं था, बल्कि वर्ण के व्यापक वैचारिक ढाँचे के भीतर स्थानीय, वंशगत, व्यवसायगत और अंतर्विवाही जातीय इकाइयों के विस्तार की प्रक्रिया थी। प्रस्तुत शोध-पत्र इसी सामाजिक परिवर्तन का ऐतिहासिक विश्लेषण करता है।
The Effect of Early Weight Bearing and Delayed Weight Bearing on Functional Recovery in Post Total Knee Replacement
Background: Early mobilization is a central component of rehabilitation after total knee replacement (TKR), yet the timing of loading through the operated limb varies across clinical settings. This study compared early weight bearing with delayed weight bearing for functional recovery after primary unilateral TKR. Methods: Thirty patients aged 50-75 years were included in a prospective comparative interventional study and allocated to an Early Weight Bearing (EWB) group (n=15) or Delayed Weight Bearing (DWB) group (n=15). EWB participants began supported standing and walking within 24-48 hours when medically stable; DWB participants followed protected/minimal loading for the first 14 days before progressive advancement. Outcomes included Knee Society Score (KSS), WOMAC physical function, Visual Analog Scale (VAS), active knee flexion range of motion (ROM), and Timed Up and Go (TUG). Non-parametric between- and within-group tests were used with p<0.05 as the significance level. Results: Baseline characteristics and clinical measures were comparable. At 6 weeks, EWB showed higher KSS (77.15±3.49 vs 69.02±7.16; p=0.002), lower WOMAC disability (29.61±3.29 vs 35.71±4.63; p<0.001), greater knee flexion ROM (106.38±5.22° vs 98.06±4.38°; p<0.001), and faster TUG (9.31±0.79 vs 11.49±1.35 s; p<0.001). VAS was also lower (2.24±0.64 vs 2.69±0.56), although the 6-week difference was not statistically significant (p=0.074). Early advantages were evident at 2 weeks and remained significant for all five outcomes at 3 months. No fall, confirmed deep vein thrombosis, or major implant-related complication occurred. Conclusion: Early, protected and supervised weight bearing was associated with faster early functional recovery after TKR without an observed increase in major short-term complications. Delayed loading may be better reserved for patient- or surgeon-specific restrictions.
Dr. Kajal Manjhi, Dr. PR Suresh , Dr. Palak Bansal
Effects of Manual Therapy (McKenzie Approach) Versus Therapeutic Exercise (Core Strength) for Lower Back Pain in Fast Bowlers: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Background: Fast bowling repeatedly exposes the lumbar spine to extension, rotation, side flexion, impact and high cumulative training loads. Both the McKenzie Approach and core-strength therapeutic exercise are used for mechanical or non-specific lower back pain, but direct comparative evidence in fast bowlers is limited. Objective: To compare the short-term effects of McKenzie-based manual therapy with progressive core-strength therapeutic exercise on pain, disability and patient-specific function in fast bowlers with lower back pain. Methods: Thirty male fast bowlers were randomly allocated to Group A (McKenzie Approach / Manual Therapy, n=15) or Group B (Core Strength / Therapeutic Exercise, n=15) for 8 weeks. Pain was measured with the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), disability with the Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire (OLBPDQ), function with the Patient-Specific Functional Scale (PSFS), and perceived recovery with Global Perceived Effect (GPE). Paired t-tests assessed within-group change, independent-samples t-tests compared groups, and chi-square tests were used for categorical variables. Results: Both groups improved significantly in VAS, OLBPDQ and PSFS (all within-group p<0.001). VAS decreased from 4.60 ± 1.06 to 2.40 ± 0.63 in Group A and from 4.66 ± 0.72 to 3.33 ± 0.62 in Group B. VAS improvement was greater in Group A (2.20 ± 0.67 vs 1.33 ± 0.72; p=0.002; d=1.25), as was OLBPDQ improvement (3.38 ± 1.19 vs 1.18 ± 0.65; p<0.001; d=2.29). PSFS improvement was substantial in both groups but not significantly different (10.56 ± 3.46 vs 9.93 ± 4.44; p=0.669). Group B attended more sessions and had higher session attendance, while adverse events were uncommon and mild. Conclusion: Both interventions were effective, but McKenzie-based care produced greater short-term reduction in pain and disability. Core-strength training provided meaningful functional gains and remains important for lumbopelvic control and return-to-bowling conditioning.
Comparing the Effect of Bobath Therapy and Motor Relearning Programme on Upper Limb Function in Patients with Cerebrovascular Accident: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Background: Upper limb dysfunction after cerebrovascular accident (CVA) restricts reaching, grasping, manipulation and independence in activities of daily living. Bobath Therapy emphasizes postural alignment, selective movement and sensory-motor facilitation, whereas the Motor Relearning Programme (MRP) emphasizes task analysis, repeated practice and transfer of learning. Methods: A prospective randomized controlled trial included 40 medically stable patients aged 50-75 years with first-ever unilateral CVA and upper limb motor deficit. Participants were allocated to Bobath Therapy (n=20) or MRP (n=20). Both groups received 12 supervised sessions over four weeks, approximately 60 minutes per session. Outcomes were Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Upper Limb (FMA-UL), Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT), Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) and Barthel Index. Paired t-tests assessed within-group change; independent t-tests, chi-square tests and one-way ANOVA were used as appropriate. Results: Both groups improved significantly after intervention. FMA-UL improvement was 16.96 ± 3.99 in the Bobath group and 14.22 ± 3.91 in the MRP group (p=0.035). WMFT improvement was 1.88 ± 0.32 versus 1.53 ± 0.43 (p=0.006), MAS reduction was 1.00 ± 0.33 versus 0.73 ± 0.37 (p=0.020), and Barthel Index improvement was 26.71 ± 5.54 versus 19.74 ± 5.79 (p<0.001). Conclusion: Both Bobath Therapy and MRP were effective for short-term upper limb rehabilitation after CVA, but Bobath Therapy produced greater improvement in motor control, functional performance, spasticity reduction and functional independence in this sample.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELF-EFFICACY AND AGGRESSION AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS
Aim of the study is to assess the Relationship between Self-Efficacy and Aggression among College Students. The sample consisted of one hundred (100) college students (both sexes) from various colleges of Bhiwani District of Haryana state. The obtained data was analyzed by SPSS through Mean, SD and Pearson’s coefficient of correlation. The result shows the relationship between Self-Efficacy and Aggression are positively correlated among college students. Findings are discussed in the light of previous studies and implications are discussed.
Transforming Educational Administration through E-Governance: Evaluating Its Impact on Student Growth, Well-Being, and Institutional Innovation
Electronic governance, commonly known as e-governance, has become a central instrument through which public institutions modernize service delivery, strengthen accountability, and respond to citizen expectations in the digital era. Within the domain of educational administration, e-governance extends this transformation into universities, colleges, and schools, reshaping how admissions, examinations, grievance redressal, counselling, and academic monitoring are conducted. This paper examines the role of e-governance in educational administration with specific attention to its influence on student academic performance and psychological well-being, and its broader contribution to institutional innovation and development. Adopting a conceptual and literature-based approach grounded in public administration theory, the paper synthesizes scholarship on digital governance, new public management, and educational technology to argue that e-governance functions simultaneously as an administrative efficiency mechanism and as a public value creation tool. The analysis shows that well-designed digital governance systems can improve transparency, reduce administrative delay, personalize academic support, and extend mental health and well-being services to students who would otherwise face access barriers. At the same time, the paper identifies persistent challenges, including the digital divide, data privacy concerns, resistance to institutional change, and inadequate digital literacy among administrators and students. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for public administrators and educational leaders seeking to design e-governance frameworks that are inclusive, transparent, and oriented toward holistic student development rather than administrative efficiency alone.
Caste, Class, Gender And The Structural Vulnerability Of Girls To Human Trafficking In India
Human trafficking is still considered an exploitative practice in India, especially among girls who are affected by poverty, marginalization, gender inequality and lack of socioeconomic prospects. In this research, an attempt was made to study the vulnerability of girls to human trafficking through an examination of the interrelated issues of caste, class and gender. A qualitative research design was chosen, whereby secondary sources of data were utilized through academic literature, governmental reports, laws and institutions. Using an intersectional vulnerability framework, how issues such as discrimination based on caste, poverty, poor education, unstable job situation, migration and gender inequality contributed to making girls vulnerable to human trafficking was assessed. It was found that vulnerability was not generated by a single cause but a result of several factors. Caste-based exclusion would prevent access to opportunities, whereas poverty and economic instability might make the people more dependent on hazardous employment or migration practices. Gender disparity would reduce the freedom of girls, restrict their mobility, and would affect their decision-making ability. The study concluded that the legal measures and institutional response would provide an essential platform for prevention and protection against trafficking, although the effectiveness of such interventions would be hindered due to under-reporting, lack of accessibility, lack of coordination, and neglect of structural problems. An intersectional approach including legal intervention and education, economic opportunity, safe migration, social protection, and rehabilitation is required for the prevention of trafficking in India.
CYBERCRIME AND DATA PROTECTION LAWS IN INDIA: EMERGING LEGAL CHALLENGES
The digitization of governance, business, banking and social interaction in India has been happening at an unprecedented speed and with it, the rise of the cybercrime and the need for a robust data protection law. This paper explores the statutory landscape of cyberspace in India over the past two decades, first the Information Technology Act, 2000 and then the Information Technology (Amendment) Act, 2008, until the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, the country's first comprehensive personal-data law, was enacted. The paper is divided into five thematic sections, respectively addressing the statutory framework of cyber law, the data protection regime, cybercrimes against individuals, cybercrimes against property and the State and new challenges created by artificial intelligence, cross-border data flows and cloud jurisdiction. A separate chapter then examines key court rulings such as that in Shreya Singhal v. Union of India, Justice K.S. Puttaswamy's decision in its favour and other privacy, intermediary liability and electronic evidence cases, that have influenced the application of these laws. The paper states that while India has constructed a reasonably developed legal structure, there are still several areas of enforcement, cooperation, victim redressal and regulation of emerging technologies which remain unaddressed. Finally, it provides recommendations on the strengthening of the institutional capacity, harmonisation of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act with sectoral regulation and reform of criminal procedure in order to address the challenges posed by the fast-changing digital environment.